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American newspaper publisher (1863–1951)

William Randolph Hearst
Hearst, c. 1910

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 11th congressional district
In office March four, 1903 – March iii, 1907
Preceded by	William Sulzer (redistricting)
Succeeded by	Charles V. Fornes

Personal details
Born	(1863-04-29)April 29, 1863 San Francisco, California, U.S.
Died	August 14, 1951(1951-08-14) (aged 88) Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Crusade of expiry	Myocardial infarction and stroke^[one]
Political party	Democratic (1900–1904) Municipal Buying (1904–1906) Independence (1906–1914) Republican (since 1914)
Spouse(south)	Millicent Willson (m. 1903; ~~his death~~1951)
Domestic partner	Marion Davies (1917–1961)
Children	George William Jr. John Randolph Patricia Lake (alleged)
Parents	George Hearst (father) Phoebe Apperson (mother)
Alma mater	Harvard College
Occupation	Businessman Politico Newspaper Publisher
Signature

William Randolph Hearst Sr. (;^[ii] April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American businessman, newspaper publisher, and politician known for developing the nation's largest newspaper concatenation and media company, Hearst Communications. His flamboyant methods of yellowish journalism influenced the nation's popular media by emphasizing sensationalism and human interest stories. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 with Mitchell Trubitt after existence given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father, Senator George Hearst.

After moving to New York Urban center, Hearst acquired the New York Journal and fought a biting circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer'southward New York World. Hearst sold papers by press giant headlines over lurid stories featuring crime, corruption, sexual activity, and allusion. Hearst acquired more newspapers and created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and mag business organization in the globe. Hearst controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines, and thereby often published his personal views. He sensationalized Spanish atrocities in Cuba while calling for war in 1898 against Spain. Historians, however, refuse his subsequent claims to have started the state of war with Espana as overly extravagant.

He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.South. House of Representatives. He ran unsuccessfully for President of the United states of america in 1904, Mayor of New York City in 1905 and 1909, and for Governor of New York in 1906. During his political career, he espoused views generally associated with the left wing of the Progressive Movement, claiming to speak on behalf of the working grade.

After 1918 and the cease of World War I, Hearst gradually began adopting more conservative views and started promoting an neutralist foreign policy to avoid whatever more than entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at one time a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist after the Russian Revolution, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians.^[3] He was a leading supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932–1934, just then bankrupt with FDR and became his most prominent enemy on the correct. Hearst'due south empire reached a elevation circulation of 20 one thousand thousand readers a 24-hour interval in the mid-1930s. He poorly managed finances and was so deeply in debt during the Great Low that most of his assets had to be liquidated in the late 1930s. Hearst managed to keep his newspapers and magazines.

His life story was the main inspiration for Charles Foster Kane, the lead character in Orson Welles'due south moving-picture show Citizen Kane (1941).^[4] His Hearst Castle, synthetic on a colina overlooking the Pacific Ocean virtually San Simeon, has been preserved as a State Historical Monument and is designated as a National Celebrated Landmark.

Ancestry and early on life [edit]

Hearst was born in San Francisco to George Hearst, a millionaire mining engineer, owner of gold and other mines through his corporation, and his much younger wife Phoebe Apperson Hearst, from a small town in Missouri. The elder Hearst after entered politics. He served every bit a Usa Senator, first appointed for a cursory period in 1886 and was then elected later that year. He served from 1887 to his death in 1891.

His paternal bully-granddad was John Hearst of Ulster Protestant origin. John Hearst, with his wife and 6 children, migrated to America from Ballybay, County, Monaghan, Republic of ireland, as part of the Cahans Exodus in 1766. The family settled in Due south Carolina. Their immigration to Southward Carolina was spurred in part by the colonial regime's policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants, many of Scots origin.^[5] The names "John Hearse" and "John Hearse Jr." announced on the council records of October 26, 1766, existence credited with meriting 400 and 100 acres (1.62 and 0.forty km²) of land on the Long Canes (in what became Abbeville District), based upon 100 acres (0.40 km²) to heads of household and 50 acres (0.20 km²) for each dependent of a Protestant immigrant. The "Hearse" spelling of the family proper noun was never used afterward past the family members themselves nor any family of any size. A carve up theory purports that one co-operative of a "Hurst" family of Virginia (originally from Plymouth Colony) moved to Due south Carolina at about the same time and changed the spelling of its surname of over a century to that of the immigrant Hearsts.^[half-dozen] Hearst'south mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was likewise of Scots-Irish ancestry; her family came from Galway.^[vii] She was appointed as the first woman Regent of Academy of California, Berkeley, donated funds to establish libraries at several universities, funded many anthropological expeditions, and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology.

Hearst attended prep school at St. Paul's School in Hold, New Hampshire. He enrolled in the Harvard Higher class of 1885. While there, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A.D. Club (a Harvard Concluding society), the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, and the Lampoon before being expelled. His antics had ranged from sponsoring massive beer parties in Harvard Foursquare to sending pudding pots used as chamber pots to his professors (their images were depicted within the bowls).^[eight]

Publishing business [edit]

An ad asking automakers to identify ads in Hearst chain, noting their apportionment.

Searching for an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over management of his father'due south newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, which his father had acquired in 1880 as repayment for a gambling debt.^[9] Giving his newspaper the grand motto "Monarch of the Dailies", Hearst acquired the all-time equipment and the most talented writers of the time, including Ambrose Bierce, Mark Twain, Jack London, and political cartoonist Homer Davenport. A self-proclaimed populist, Hearst reported accounts of municipal and financial abuse, oft attacking companies in which his ain family held an interest. Inside a few years, his newspaper dominated the San Francisco market.

New York Forenoon Journal [edit]

Early in his career at the San Francisco Examiner, Hearst envisioned running a large newspaper chain and "always knew that his dream of a nation-spanning, multi-newspaper news operation was impossible without a triumph in New York".^[10] In 1895, with the fiscal support of his widowed mother (his begetter had died in 1891), Hearst bought the failing New York Morning Journal, hiring writers such as Stephen Crane and Julian Hawthorne and entering into a caput-to-head circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer, owner and publisher of the New York Earth. Hearst "stole" Richard F. Outcault, the creator of color comics along with all of Pulitzer's Sunday staff.^[11] Another prominent rent was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian and started his well-known "More than Truth Than Poetry" column at the Hearst-owned New York Evening Journal. ^[12]

When Hearst purchased the "penny paper", so called because its copies sold for a penny apiece, the Journal was competing with New York's sixteen other major dailies. It had a stiff focus on Democratic Party politics.^[13] Hearst imported his all-time managers from the San Francisco Examiner and "quickly established himself as the most attractive employer" amidst New York newspapers. He was generous, paid more than his competitors, gave credit to his writers with page-i bylines. Farther, he was unfailingly polite, unassuming, "impeccably calm", and indulgent of "prima donnas, eccentrics, bohemians, drunks, or reprobates so long as they had useful talents".^[xiv]

Hearst's activist approach to journalism tin be summarized by the motto, "While others Talk, the Journal Acts."

Yellow journalism and rivalry with the New York Earth [edit]

The New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to exist derided every bit "yellow journalism", so named subsequently Outcault's Yellowish Child comic. Pulitzer's Earth had pushed the boundaries of mass appeal for newspapers through bold headlines, aggressive news gathering, generous employ of cartoons and illustrations, populist politics, progressive crusades, an exuberant public spirit, and dramatic crime and man-interest stories. Hearst's Journal used the same recipe for success, forcing Pulitzer to drop the cost of the World from 2 cents to a penny. Soon the two papers were locked in a fierce, oftentimes spiteful competition for readers in which both papers spent big sums of money and saw huge gains in circulation.

Inside a few months of purchasing the Journal, Hearst hired abroad Pulitzer'south three top editors: Sunday editor Morrill Goddard, who greatly expanded the telescopic and appeal of the American Dominicus paper; Solomon Carvalho; and a young Arthur Brisbane, who became managing editor of the Hearst paper empire and a legendary columnist. Opposite to popular assumption, they were not lured away by college pay—rather, each human had grown tired of the temperamental, domineering Pulitzer and the paranoid, back-bitter office politics which he encouraged.^[15]

While Hearst's many critics attribute the Periodical 's incredible success to cheap sensationalism, Kenneth Whyte noted in The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Ascension Of William Randolph Hearst: "Rather than racing to the bottom, he [Hearst] drove the Journal and the penny press upmarket. The Journal was a demanding, sophisticated paper by contemporary standards."^[16] Though yellow journalism would be much maligned, Whyte said, "All good yellow journalists ... sought the homo in every story and edited without fright of emotion or drama. They wore their feelings on their pages, believing it was an honest and wholesome way to communicate with readers", only, as Whyte pointed out: "This appeal to feelings is non an end in itself... [they believed] our emotions tend to ignite our intellects: a story catering to a reader'due south feelings is more likely than a dry treatise to stimulate thought."^[17]

The two papers finally declared a truce in late 1898, afterwards both lost vast amounts of money covering the Spanish–American State of war. Hearst probably lost several 1000000 dollars in his first iii years as publisher of the Journal (figures are impossible to verify), but the newspaper began turning a profit after information technology concluded its fight with the World. ^[18]

Under Hearst, the Journal remained loyal to the populist or left fly of the Democratic Party. Information technology was the only major publication in the East to support William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Its coverage of that election was probably the near of import of any paper in the country, attacking relentlessly the unprecedented role of coin in the Republican entrada and the dominating role played by William McKinley's political and financial manager, Mark Hanna, the first national party 'dominate' in American history.^[xix] A year after taking over the newspaper, Hearst could boast that sales of the Journal's mail-ballot upshot (including the evening and High german-language editions) topped ane.five million, a record "unparalleled in the history of the globe."^[20]

The Journal's political coverage, however, was not entirely ane-sided. Kenneth Whyte says that most editors of the fourth dimension "believed their papers should speak with one voice on political matters"; past dissimilarity, in New York, Hearst "helped to usher in the multi-perspective arroyo nosotros identify with the modern op-ed folio".^[21] At starting time he supported the Russian Revolution of 1917 merely afterwards he turned against it. Hearst fought hard against Wilsonian internationalism, the League of Nations, and the World Court, thereby appealing to an isolationist audience.^[22]

Spanish–American War [edit]

The Morning time Periodical's daily apportionment routinely climbed above the ane million mark later on the sinking of the Maine and U.S. entry into the Spanish–American State of war, a state of war that some called The Journal 's State of war, due to the paper's immense influence in provoking American outrage against Spain.^[23] Much of the coverage leading upward to the war, commencement with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution in 1895, was tainted past rumor, propaganda, and sensationalism, with the "yellow" papers regarded every bit the worst offenders. The Journal and other New York newspapers were then i-sided and full of errors in their reporting that coverage of the Cuban crisis and the ensuing Spanish–American War is often cited equally i of the well-nigh significant milestones in the rise of yellow journalism'due south concord over the mainstream media.^[24] Huge headlines in the Journal assigned blame for the Maine'due south destruction on sabotage, which was based on no show. This reporting stoked outrage and indignation against Spain amidst the paper'southward readers in New York.

The Journal's cause against Castilian dominion in Cuba was non due to mere jingoism, although "the democratic ideals and humanitarianism that inspired their coverage are largely lost to history," equally are their "heroic efforts to notice the truth on the island under unusually difficult circumstances."^[25] The Journal's journalistic activism in support of the Cuban rebels, rather, was centered around Hearst's political and business ambitions.^[24]

Possibly the best known myth in American journalism is the claim, without any contemporary evidence, that the illustrator Frederic Remington, sent past Hearst to Republic of cuba to cover the Cuban War of Independence,^[24] cabled Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba. Hearst, in this canard, is said to have responded, "Delight remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll replenish the war."^[26] ^[27]

Hearst was personally dedicated to the cause of the Cuban rebels, and the Journal did some of the nearly important and courageous reporting on the conflict—every bit well as some of the most sensationalized. Their stories on the Cuban rebellion and Spain'due south atrocities on the isle—many of which turned out to exist untrue^[24]—were motivated primarily by Hearst's outrage at Spain's brutal policies on the island. These had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent Cubans. The nigh well-known story involved the imprisonment and escape of Cuban prisoner Evangelina Cisneros.^[24] ^[28]

While Hearst and the yellowish press did not directly cause America's war with Espana, they inflamed public opinion in New York City to a fever pitch. New York's elites read other papers, such as the Times and Sun, which were far more restrained. The Journal and the Globe were local papers oriented to a very large working class audience in New York City. They were not among the top x sources of news in papers in other cities, and their stories did non make a splash outside New York Urban center.^[29] Outrage across the country came from evidence of what Spain was doing in Cuba, a major influence in the decision past Congress to declare war. Co-ordinate to a 21st-century historian, state of war was declared by Congress considering public opinion was sickened by the bloodshed, and because leaders like McKinley realized that Spain had lost control of Cuba.^[30] These factors weighed more on the president'due south mind than the melodramas in the New York Journal. ^[31]

Hearst sailed to Cuba with a pocket-sized army of Periodical reporters to comprehend the Spanish–American War;^[32] they brought along portable printing equipment, which was used to impress a unmarried-edition newspaper in Cuba subsequently the fighting had ended. Two of the Journal's correspondents, James Creelman and Edward Marshall, were wounded in the fighting. A leader of the Cuban rebels, Gen. Calixto García, gave Hearst a Cuban flag that had been riddled with bullets as a gift, in appreciation of Hearst's major role in Cuba's liberation.^[33]

Expansion [edit]

In part to assistance in his political ambitions, Hearst opened newspapers in other cities, among them Chicago, Los Angeles and Boston. In 1915, he founded International Picture Service, an blitheness studio designed to exploit the popularity of the comic strips he controlled. The cosmos of his Chicago newspaper was requested past the Democratic National Committee. Hearst used this as an excuse for his mother Phoebe Hearst to transfer him the necessary start-up funds. Past the mid-1920s he had a nationwide string of 28 newspapers, amidst them the Los Angeles Examiner, the Boston American, the Atlanta Georgian, the Chicago Examiner, the Detroit Times, the Seattle Mail-Intelligencer, the Washington Times, the Washington Herald, and his flagship, the San Francisco Examiner.

Hearst also diversified his publishing interests into book publishing and magazines. Several of the latter are still in circulation, including such periodicals equally Cosmopolitan, Adept Housekeeping, Town and Country, and Harper's Bazaar.

Cartoonist Rogers in 1906 sees the political uses of Oz: he depicts Hearst every bit the Scarecrow stuck in his own oozy mud in Harper's Weekly.

In 1924, Hearst opened the New York Daily Mirror, a racy tabloid frankly imitating the New York Daily News. Amidst his other holdings were two news services, Universal News and International News Service, or INS, the latter of which he founded in 1909.^[34] He also endemic INS companion radio station WINS in New York; King Features Syndicate, which withal owns the copyrights of a number of popular comics characters; a film company, Cosmopolitan Productions; all-encompassing New York City existent estate; and thousands of acres of country in California and Mexico, forth with timber and mining interests inherited from his father.

Hearst promoted writers and cartoonists despite the lack of any credible demand for them past his readers. The press critic A. J. Liebling reminds us how many of Hearst'due south stars would not take been deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst favorite, George Herriman, was the inventor of the dizzy comic strip Krazy Kat. Non especially pop with either readers or editors when it was first published, in the 21st century, it is considered a classic, a conventionalities once held but by Hearst himself.

In 1929, he became one of the sponsors of the first circular-the-world voyage in an airship, the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin from Frg. His sponsorship was conditional on the trip starting at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, New Jersey. The send'due south helm, Dr. Hugo Eckener, start flew the Graf Zeppelin beyond the Atlantic from Frg to pick upwards Hearst's lensman and at to the lowest degree three Hearst correspondents. I of them, Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay, by that flying became the first woman to travel around the world by air.^[35]

The Hearst news empire reached a revenue peak about 1928, but the economical collapse of the Bully Depression in the U.s. and the vast over-extension of his empire cost him control of his holdings. It is unlikely that the newspapers always paid their own way; mining, ranching and forestry provided whatever dividends the Hearst Corporation paid out. When the collapse came, all Hearst properties were hit hard, but none more and then than the papers. Hearst's conservative politics, increasingly at odds with those of his readers, worsened matters for the one time great Hearst media chain. Having been refused the correct to sell another circular of bonds to unsuspecting investors, the shaky empire tottered. Unable to service its existing debts, Hearst Corporation faced a court-mandated reorganization in 1937.

From that betoken, Hearst was reduced to existence an employee, subject to the directives of an outside manager.^[36] Newspapers and other properties were liquidated, the film company shut down; in that location was even a well-publicized sale of art and antiquities. While Globe War II restored circulation and advertising revenues, his nifty days were over. The Hearst Corporation continues to this day as a big, privately held media conglomerate based in New York Urban center.

Involvement in politics [edit]

Hearst won two elections to Congress, then lost a serial of elections. He narrowly failed in attempts to become mayor of New York Urban center in both 1905 and 1909 and governor of New York in 1906, nominally remaining a Democrat while besides creating the Independence Party. He was defeated for the governorship by Charles Evans Hughes.^[37] Hearst's unsuccessful campaigns for office after his tenure in the House of Representatives earned him the unflattering merely short-lived nickname of "William 'Also-Randolph' Hearst",^[38] which was coined past Wallace Irwin.^[39]

Hearst was on the left wing of the Progressive Move, speaking on behalf of the working class (who bought his papers) and denouncing the rich and powerful (who disdained his editorials).^[twoscore] With the support of Tammany Hall (the regular Democratic organization in Manhattan), Hearst was elected to Congress from New York in 1902 and 1904. He fabricated a major effort to win the 1904 Democratic nomination for president, losing to conservative Alton B. Parker.^[41] Breaking with Tammany in 1907, Hearst ran for mayor of New York City under a third political party of his own creation, the Municipal Buying League. Tammany Hall exerted its utmost to defeat him.^[42] ^[43]

An opponent of the British Empire, Hearst opposed American involvement in the Kickoff World War and attacked the formation of the League of Nations. His newspapers abstained from endorsing whatever candidate in 1920 and 1924. Hearst'due south concluding bid for office came in 1922, when he was backed by Tammany Hall leaders for the U.S. Senate nomination in New York. Al Smith vetoed this, earning the lasting enmity of Hearst. Although Hearst shared Smith'due south opposition to Prohibition, he swung his papers behind Herbert Hoover in the 1928 presidential election. Hearst'south support for Franklin D. Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, via his allies William Gibbs McAdoo and John Nance Garner, can also exist seen every bit part of his vendetta confronting Smith, who was an opponent of Roosevelt'southward at that convention.^[44]

Move to the correct [edit]

During the 1920s Hearst was a Jeffersonian Democrat. He warned citizens against the dangers of big authorities and against unchecked federal power that could borrow on individual rights. Hearst supported FDR in 1932, but then became critical of the New Deal. More and more than often, Hearst newspapers supported business over organized labor and condemned higher income tax legislation.^[45]

Hearst bankrupt with FDR in spring 1935 when the president vetoed the Patman Bonus Nib for veterans and tried to enter the World Court.^[46] Hearst's papers were his weapon. They carried the publisher's rambling, vitriolic, all-majuscule-letters editorials, but he no longer employed the energetic reporters, editors, and columnists who might take made a serious attack. He reached 20 million readers in the mid-1930s, merely they included much of the working class which Roosevelt had attracted past 3-to-one margins in the 1936 ballot. The Hearst papers—similar virtually major chains—had supported the Republican Alf Landon that year.^[47] ^[48]

While campaigning confronting Roosevelt'south policy of developing formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Wedlock, in 1935 Hearst ordered his editors to reprint eyewitness accounts of the Ukrainian famine (the Holdomor).^[49] These had been supplied in 1933 by Welsh freelance journalist Gareth Jones,^[l] ^[51] and by the disillusioned American Communist Fred Beal.^[52] ^[53] The New York Times, content with what it has since conceded was "tendentious" reporting of Soviet achievements, printed the blanket denials of its Pulitzer Prize-winning Moscow correspondent Walter Duranty.^[54] Duranty, who was widely credited with facilitating the rapprochement with Moscow, dismissed the Hearst-circulated reports of made-fabricated starvation as a politically motivated "scare story".^[55]

In the articles, written by Thomas Walker, to better serve Hearst 'south editorial line against Roosevelt'due south Soviet policy the famine was "updated"; placed in 1934 rather than 1932–1933. In The Nation, Louis Fischer defendant Walker of pure invention. Fischer had been to the Ukraine in 1934 and had seen no famine. He interpreted the whole thing as merely an try by Hearst to "spoil Soviet-American relations" equally role of "an anti-ruby campaign".^[56]

In 1934, afterward checking with Jewish leaders to ensure a visit would exist to their do good,^[57] Hearst visited Berlin to interview Adolf Hitler. When Hitler asked why he was so misunderstood by the American press, Hearst retorted: "Because Americans believe in commonwealth, and are averse to dictatorship."^[58] Hearst'south papers ran columns without rebuttal by Nazi leader Hermann Göring and Hitler himself, likewise as Mussolini and other dictators in Europe and Latin America.^[59] During that aforementioned twelvemonth 1934, Japan / U.S. relations were unstable. In an attempt to remedy this, Prince Tokugawa Iesato traveled throughout the U.s. on a goodwill visit. During his visit, Prince Iesato and his delegation met with William Randolph Hearst with the hope of improving mutual understanding between the two nations.

Personal life [edit]

Millicent Willson [edit]

In 1903, Hearst married Millicent Veronica Willson (1882–1974), a 21-yr-one-time chorus girl, in New York City. Evidence in Louis Pizzitola's book, Hearst Over Hollywood, indicates that Millicent's mother Hannah Willson ran a Tammany-continued and protected brothel about the headquarters of political power in New York City at the plough of the 20th century. Millicent diameter him five sons: George Randolph Hearst, born on April 23, 1904; William Randolph Hearst Jr., built-in on January 27, 1908; John Randolph Hearst, born in 1910; and twins Randolph Apperson Hearst and David Whitmire (né Elbert Willson) Hearst, built-in on December 2, 1915.

Marion Davies [edit]

Conceding an cease to his political hopes, Hearst became involved in an affair with the film actress and comedian Marion Davies (1897–1961), sometime mistress of his friend Paul Cake.^[60] From about 1919, he lived openly with her in California. After the death of Patricia Lake (1919/1923–1993), who had been presented equally Davies's "niece," her family confirmed that she was Davies'due south and Hearst's daughter. She had acknowledged this before her decease.^[61]

Millicent separated from Hearst in the mid-1920s later tiring of his longtime affair with Davies, but the couple remained legally married until Hearst'south expiry. Millicent congenital an independent life for herself in New York City as a leading philanthropist. She was active in society and in 1921 created the Complimentary Milk Fund for the poor.^[61]

California properties [edit]

George Hearst invested some of his fortune from the Comstock Lode in country. In 1865 he purchased nigh thirty,000 acres (12,000 ha), part of Rancho Piedra Blanca stretching from Simeon Bay and reached to Ragged Point. He paid the original grantee Jose de Jesus Pico USD$1 an acre, nigh twice the current market cost.^[62] Hearst continued to buy parcels whenever they became bachelor. He also bought most of Rancho San Simeon.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1865, Hearst bought all of Rancho Santa Rosa totaling 13,184 acres (5,335 ha) except one section of 160 acres (0.half-dozen km²) that Estrada lived on. However, as was common with claims before the Public Land Commission, Estrada's legal claim was costly and took many years to resolve. Estrada mortgaged the ranch to Domingo Pujol, a Spanish-born San Francisco lawyer, who represented him. Estrada was unable to pay the loan and Pujol foreclosed on information technology. Estrada did non have the title to the state.^[63] Hearst sued, simply ended upwards with just ane,340 acres (5.4 km²) of Estrada's holdings.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the 1920s William Hearst developed an interest in acquiring additional land forth the Fundamental Declension of California that he could add to land he inherited from his father. Rancho Milpitas was a 43,281-acre (17,515 ha) state grant given in 1838 by California governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to Ygnacio Pastor.^[64] The grant encompassed present-solar day Jolon and land to the w.^[65] When Pastor obtained title from the Public Land Commission in 1875, Faxon Atherton immediately purchased the land. By 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company endemic and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los Ojitos.

In 1923, Newhall Land sold Rancho San Miguelito de Trinidad and Rancho El Piojo to William Randolph Hearst.^[66] In 1925, Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Company bought Rancho Milpitas and Rancho Los Ojitos (Little Springs) from the James Brown Cattle Company.^[67] Hearst gradually bought adjoining country until he endemic tour 250,000 acres (100,000 ha).^[68]

Fort Hunter Liggett [edit]

On December 12, 1940, Hearst sold 158,000 acres (63,940 ha), including the Rancho Milpitas, to the United States regime.^[69] Neighboring landowners sold another 108,950 acres (44,091 ha) to create the 266,950-acre (108,031 ha) Hunter Liggett Armed forces Reservation troop grooming base for the War Department. The Us Army used a ranch house and guest lodge named The Hacienda as housing for the base commander, for visiting officers, and for the officers' club.^[69] ^[lxx]

Little Sur River [edit]

In 1916, the Eberhard and Kron Tanning Company of Santa Cruz purchased land from the homesteaders along the Little Sur River. They harvested tanbark oak and brought the bark out on mules and crude wooden sleds known equally "go-devils" to Notleys Landing at the mouth of Palo Colorado Coulee, where it was loaded via cable onto ships anchored offshore. Hearst was interested in preserving the uncut, arable redwood forest, and on Nov 18, 1921, he purchased the country from the tanning visitor for nearly $fifty,000.^[71] On July 23, 1948, the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Male child Scouts of America purchased the property, originally ane,445 acres (585 ha), from the Hearst Sunical Land and Packing Company for $20,000. On September 9, 1948, Albert Yard. Lester of Carmel obtained a grant for the council of $twenty,000 from Hearst through the Hearst Foundation of New York Urban center, offsetting the price of the purchase.^[72]

Hearst Castle [edit]

Beginning in 1919, Hearst began to build Hearst Castle, which he never completed, on the 250,000-acre (100,000-hectare; i,000-square-kilometre) ranch he had acquired near San Simeon. He furnished the mansion with art, antiques, and entire historic rooms purchased and brought from great houses in Europe. He established an Arabian horse breeding operation on the grounds.

Northern California forest state [edit]

Hearst besides owned holding on the McCloud River in Siskiyou County, in far northern California, called Wyntoon.^[a] The buildings at Wyntoon were designed by builder Julia Morgan, who also designed Hearst Castle and worked in collaboration with William J. Dodd on a number of other projects.

Beverly Hills mansion [edit]

In 1947, Hearst paid $120,000 for an H-shaped Beverly Hills mansion, (located at 1011 N. Beverly Dr.), on three.7 acres iii blocks from Dusk Boulevard. The Beverly House, as it has come to be known, has some cinematic connections. Co-ordinate to Hearst Over Hollywood, John and Jacqueline Kennedy stayed at the house for part of their honeymoon. The business firm appeared in the moving picture The Godfather (1972).^{[ further caption needed ]} ^[73]

In the early 1890s, Hearst began building a mansion on the hills overlooking Pleasanton, California, on country purchased by his father a decade earlier. Hearst's mother took over the project, hired Julia Morgan to finish it as her dwelling, and named it Hacienda del Pozo de Verona.^[74] Subsequently her expiry, it was acquired by Castlewood Land Club, which used it as their clubhouse from 1925 to 1969, when information technology was destroyed in a major burn.

Fine art collection [edit]

Painting of a landscape with a huntsman and dead game (Allegory of the Sense of Smell) past Jan Weenix, 1697, one time owned by Hearst

Hearst was renowned for his extensive collection of international art that spanned centuries. Nigh notable in his drove were his Greek vases, Spanish and Italian furniture, Oriental carpets, Renaissance vestments, an extensive library with many books signed by their authors, and paintings and statues. In addition to collecting pieces of fine fine art, he also gathered manuscripts, rare books, and autographs.^[75] His guests included varied celebrities and politicians, who stayed in rooms furnished with pieces of antique article of furniture and decorated with artwork by famous artists.^[75]

Start in 1937, Hearst began selling some of his art collection to help salvage the debt burden he had suffered from the Depression. The first year he sold items for a total of $xi one thousand thousand. In 1941 he put about 20,000 items upwards for auction; these were evidence of his broad and varied tastes. Included in the auction items were paintings by van Dyke, crosiers, chalices, Charles Dickens'southward sideboard, pulpits, stained drinking glass, arms and armor, George Washington's waistcoat, and Thomas Jefferson'due south Bible. When Hearst Castle was donated to the Land of California, it was still sufficiently furnished for the whole business firm to exist considered and operated as a museum.^[75]

St Donat's Castle [edit]

After seeing photographs, in Land Life Magazine, of St. Donat's Castle in Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, Hearst bought and renovated it in 1925 every bit a gift to Davies.^[76] The Castle was restored by Hearst, who spent a fortune buying unabridged rooms from other castles and palaces across the UK and Europe. The Bang-up Hall was bought from the Bradenstoke Priory in Wiltshire and reconstructed brick by brick in its current site at St. Donat's. From the Bradenstoke Priory, he also bought and removed the guest house, Prior'due south lodging, and great tithe barn; of these, some of the materials became the St. Donat'due south banqueting hall, complete with a sixteenth-century French chimney-piece and windows; also used were a fireplace dated to c. 1514 and a fourteenth-century roof, which became part of the Bradenstoke Hall, despite this use being questioned in Parliament. Hearst built 34 green and white marble bathrooms for the many guest suites in the castle and completed a series of terraced gardens which survive intact today. Hearst and Davies spent much of their fourth dimension entertaining, and held a number of lavish parties attended by guests including Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Winston Churchill, and a young John F. Kennedy. When Hearst died, the castle was purchased by Antonin Besse II and donated to Atlantic Higher, an international boarding schoolhouse founded by Kurt Hahn in 1962, which still uses it.

Involvement in aviation [edit]

Hearst was especially interested in the newly emerging technologies relating to aviation and had his first experience of flight in Jan 1910, in Los Angeles. Louis Paulhan, a French aviator, took him for an air trip on his Farman biplane.^[77] ^[78] Hearst besides sponsored Onetime Glory as well equally the Hearst Transcontinental Prize.

Financial disaster [edit]

Hearst's cause against Roosevelt and the New Deal, combined with union strikes and boycotts of his properties, undermined the fiscal strength of his empire. Circulation of his major publications declined in the mid-1930s, while rivals such every bit the New York Daily News were flourishing. He refused to take constructive toll-cutting measures, and instead increased his very expensive fine art purchases. His friend Joseph P. Kennedy offered to buy the magazines, but Hearst jealously guarded his empire and refused. Instead, he sold some of his heavily mortgaged real estate. San Simeon itself was mortgaged to Los Angeles Times owner Harry Chandler in 1933 for $600,000.^[79]

Finally his fiscal advisors realized he was tens of millions of dollars in debt, and could not pay the interest on the loans, let alone reduce the chief. The proposed bail auction failed to attract investors, as Hearst's fiscal crisis became widely known. As Marion Davies's stardom waned, Hearst's movies as well began to hemorrhage money. As the crisis deepened, he let get of well-nigh of his household staff, sold his exotic animals to the Los Angeles Zoo, and named a trustee to control his finances. He still refused to sell his love newspapers. At one indicate, to avert outright bankruptcy, he had to accept a $1 meg loan from Marion Davies, who sold all her jewelry, stocks and bonds to enhance the cash for him.^[79] Davies also managed to raise him another meg equally a loan from Washington Herald possessor Cissy Patterson. The trustee cut Hearst's annual bacon to $500,000, and stopped the annual payment of $700,000 in dividends. He had to pay rent for living in his castle at San Simeon.

Legally Hearst avoided defalcation, although the public generally saw it as such every bit appraisers went through the tapestries, paintings, furniture, silver, pottery, buildings, autographs, jewelry, and other collectibles. Items in the thousands were gathered from a five-story warehouse in New York, warehouses almost San Simeon containing large amounts of Greek sculpture and ceramics, and the contents of St. Donat's. His collections were sold off in a series of auctions and private sales in 1938–39. John D. Rockefeller, Junior, bought $100,000 of antique silvery for his new museum at Colonial Williamsburg. The market for art and antiques had not recovered from the depression, so Hearst made an overall loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars.^[79] During this time, Hearst's friend George Loorz commented sarcastically: "He would like to start work on the exterior pool [at San Simeon], start a new reservoir etc. just told me yesterday 'I want so many things merely haven't got the coin.' Poor swain, permit'south take up a drove."^[79]

He was embarrassed in early 1939 when Time magazine published a feature which revealed he was at take chances of defaulting on his mortgage for San Simeon and losing it to his creditor and publishing rival, Harry Chandler.^[79] This, however, was averted, equally Chandler agreed to extend the repayment.

Last years and death [edit]

After the disastrous financial losses of the 1930s, the Hearst Company returned to profitability during the Second World War, when advertising revenues skyrocketed. Hearst, afterwards spending much of the state of war at his estate of Wyntoon, returned to San Simeon full-time in 1945 and resumed building works. He as well continued collecting, on a reduced calibration. He threw himself into philanthropy past donating a cracking many works to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.^[79]

In 1947, Hearst left his San Simeon estate to seek medical care, which was unavailable in the remote location. He died in Beverly Hills on Baronial fourteen, 1951, at the age of 88. He was interred in the Hearst family mausoleum at the Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California, which his parents had established.

His will established ii charitable trusts, the Hearst Foundation and the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Past his amended volition, Marion Davies inherited 170,000 shares in the Hearst Corporation, which, combined with a trust fund of 30,000 shares that Hearst had established for her in 1950, gave her a controlling interest in the corporation.^[79] This was short-lived, every bit she relinquished the 170,000 shares to the Corporation on Oct 30, 1951, retaining her original 30,000 shares and a function equally an counselor. Similar their father, none of Hearst's five sons graduated from higher.^[80] They all followed their father into the media business organisation, and Hearst'southward namesake, William Randolph, Jr., became a Pulitzer Prize–winning newspaper reporter.

Criticism [edit]

In the 1890s, the already existing anti-Chinese and anti-Asian racism in San Francisco were further fanned by Hearst's anti-non-European descents, which were reflected in the rhetoric and the focus in The Examiner and one of his own signed editorials.^[81] These prejudices continued to exist the mainstays throughout his journalistic career to galvanize his readers' fears.^[81] Hearst staunchly supported the Japanese-American internment during WWII and used his media ability to demonize Japanese-Americans and to drum up support for the internment of Japanese-Americans.^[82]

Some media outlets have attempted to bring attention to Hearst'south interest in the prohibition of cannabis in America. Hearst collaborated with Harry J. Anslinger to ban hemp due to the threat that the burgeoning hemp paper industry posed to his major investment and market share in the paper milling industry. This partnership to market propaganda against cannabis also created an immeasurable, long-lasting negative impact on global socioeconomics. Due to their efforts, hemp would remain illegal to grow in the US for almost a century, not being legalized until 2018.^[83] ^[84] ^[85]

As Martin Lee and Norman Solomon noted in their 1990 book Unreliable Sources, Hearst "routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events". This approach discredited "yellowish journalism".

Hearst's use of xanthous journalism techniques in his New York Journal to whip upward pop support for U.Due south. war machine adventurism in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines in 1898 was besides criticized in Upton Sinclair's 1919 book, The Contumely Check: A Report of American Journalism. According to Sinclair, Hearst's newspapers distorted world events and deliberately tried to discredit Socialists. Another critic, Ferdinand Lundberg, extended the criticism in Imperial Hearst (1936), charging that Hearst papers accepted payments from abroad to slant the news. Later the war, a further critic, George Seldes, repeated the charges in Facts and Fascism (1947). Lundberg described Hearst "the weakest potent homo and the strongest weak homo in the world today... a giant with anxiety of clay."^[79]

In fiction [edit]

Citizen Kane [edit]

The film Citizen Kane (released on May 1, 1941) is loosely based on Hearst'due south life.^[86] Welles and his collaborator, screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, created Kane every bit a composite character, among them Harold Fowler McCormick, Samuel Insull and Howard Hughes. Hearst, enraged at the idea of Citizen Kane beingness a thinly disguised and very unflattering portrait of him, used his massive influence and resource to foreclose the film from being released—all without even having seen it. Welles and the studio RKO Pictures resisted the pressure only Hearst and his Hollywood friends ultimately succeeded in pressuring theater bondage to limit showings of Citizen Kane, resulting in only moderate box-office numbers and seriously impairing Welles's career prospects.^[87] The fight over the film was documented in the Academy Award-nominated documentary, The Boxing Over Citizen Kane, and nearly 60 years later, HBO offered a fictionalized version of Hearst'south efforts in its original production RKO 281 (1999), in which James Cromwell portrays Hearst. Citizen Kane has twice been ranked No. one on AFI'southward 100 Years...100 Movies: in 1998 and 2007. In 2020, David Fincher directed Mank, starring Gary Oldman as Mankiewicz, equally he interacts with Hearst prior to the writing of Denizen Kane's screenplay. Charles Dance portrays Hearst in the film.

Other works [edit]

Films [edit]

In the television picture Rough Riders (1997), Hearst (played by George Hamilton) is depicted as travelling to Cuba with a pocket-size ring of journalists, to personally cover the Castilian–American State of war.
Hearst is mentioned in the Disney movie Newsies (1992), directed past Kenny Ortega, which depicts the Newsboys' Strike of 1899. Hearst is never seen onscreen merely is referenced by several of the newsies in various musical numbers, and is portrayed as an adversary engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer.
In the HBO moving-picture show Winchell (1998), Kevin Tighe played Hearst.
In RKO 281 He was played by James Cromwell.
The Cat's Meow (2001), a fictitious version of the death of Thomas H. Ince, takes place in Nov 1924, on a weekend cruise aboard publisher William Randolph Hearst'south yacht, celebrating Ince'due south 44th birthday. The film's fictionalizes Ince'due south death by suggesting that Hearst shot Ince and covered information technology up.^[88] Hearst is portrayed by Edward Herrmann. (Ince actually became severely ill aboard Hearst's private yacht, and the official crusade of the filmmaker's expiry was heart failure.^[89])
He is portrayed by Matthew Marsh in Agnieszka Holland's 2019 film, Mr Jones.
He is portrayed by Charles Dance in David Fincher's 2020 film, Mank.

Literature [edit]

John Dos Passos's novel The Big Coin (1936) includes a biographical sketch of Hearst.
Jack London's futuristic, dystopian novel of 1907, The Iron Heel, refers to Hearst by name; and the plot "predicts" the destruction of his publishing empire (along with the Democratic Party) in 1912, by means of an oligarchy of plutocrats and industrial trusts engineering science the abeyance of his advertising revenue.
In Ayn Rand'due south novel The Fountainhead (1943) and its eponymous 1949 film adaptation, the graphic symbol Gail Wynand, a newspaper magnate who thinks he can command public sentiment but in reality is only a servant of the masses, is inspired by and modeled after the life of William Randolph Hearst.^[90]
In John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939), Hearst is anonymously described as the "newspaper fella well-nigh the coast" who "got a 1000000 acres" and looks "crazy an' mean" in pictures (ch. 18).
In Gore Vidal's historic novel series, Narratives of Empire, Hearst is a major character.
Scott Westerfeld's novel Goliath (2011) depicts Hearst in World War I.
In Charlaine Harris' The Russian Muzzle (2021) Hearst was the ruler of the HRE (formerly west declension states of United states) who permitted the tsar and his entourage to settle in the defunct Navy base at San Diego.

Television [edit]

The rivalry betwixt Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer has been documented on National Geographic Channel's serial American Genius (2015).
In the TNT series "The Alienist", in the second season played by Matt Letscher.
In "The Paper Dynasty" (1964) episode of the syndicated Western television series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Hearst (played by James Hampton) struggles to turn a turn a profit despite increased circulation of The San Francisco Examiner, featuring James Lanphier (1920–1969) as Ambrose Bierce and Robert O. Cornthwaite as Sam Chamberlain.^[91]
In "The Odyssey", a 1979 episode of the television series Little House on the Prairie, Hearst (played past Bill Ewing) is depicted as a friendly and talented young San Francisco journalist.
Hearst (portrayed by John Colton^[92]) appears in the flavour 2 episode "Hollywoodland" of the NBC series Timeless.

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

^ Wyntoon is located at approximately 41°11′21″N 122°03′58″W / 41.18917°Northward 122.06611°W / 41.18917; -122.06611

Citations [edit]

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^ "Hearst" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Random Business firm Webster'southward Unabridged Dictionary.
^ Rodney Carlisle, "The Strange Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: Due west. R. Hearst & the International Crisis, 1936–41" Journal of Contemporary History (1974) 9#3 pp. 217–27.
^ The Battle Over Citizen Kane Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, PBS.
^ Betit, Kyle J. "Scots-Irish in Colonial America". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved Apr 11, 2014.
^ Carlson 2007, pp. 3–four.
^ Robinson 1991, p. 33.
^ The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Thirteenth edition, Avant-garde Placement Edition, 2006^{[ page needed ]}
^ "Hearst Castle National Park Service". Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved Dec 17, 2013.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 463.
^ "The Press: The King Is Dead". Time. August xx, 1951. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
^ "James Montague, Versifier, Is Expressionless," New York Times, December 17, 1941.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 48.
^ Whyte 2009, pp. 116–17.
^ Whyte 2009, pp. 100–06, 110–11, 346–48.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 92.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 314.
^ Whyte 2009, pp. 455, 463.
^ Whyte 2009, pp. 164–65, 178.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 193.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 163.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 270–74, 378.
^ Whyte 2009, p.^{[ page needed ]}.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e PBS. "Crucible of Empire: The Castilian–American War". PBS. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved June xi, 2014.
^ Whyte 2009, p. 260.
^ Campbell, W. Joseph (2003). Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies. p. 72.
^ Campbell, W. Joseph (December 2001). "You Furnish the Legend, I'll Replenish the Quote". American Journalism Review.
^ William Thomas Stead. "A Romance of the Pearl of the Antilles". Review of Reviews.
^ Ted Curtis Smythe, The Gilded Age Printing, 1865–1900 (2003) p. 191.
^ Thomas M. Kane, Theoretical Roots of United states of america Foreign Policy (2006) p. 64
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^ "Crucible of Empire - PBS Online". www.pbs.org . Retrieved October ane, 2021.
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^ Edson, Charles Leroy (1920). The Gentle Art of Columning: A Treatise on Comic Journalism. Brentano'south. p. 34.
^ "Wallace and Will Irwin". Interesting People. The American Mag. March 1912. p. 545. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
^ Roy Everett Littlefield, Iii, William Randolph Hearst: His Role in American Progressivism (1980)
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 168–82.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 163, 172, 195–201, 205.
^ Ben H. Procter, William Randolph Hearst: the early years, 1863–1910 (1998) ch 8–11
^ Posner, Russell M. (1960). "California's Function in the Nomination of Franklin D. Roosevelt". California Historical Society Quarterly. 39 (2): 121–39. doi:10.2307/25155325. JSTOR 25155325.
^ Procter, Ben (2007). William Randolph Hearst: The Later Years, 1911–1951 . Oxford Upward. p. 248. ISBN978-0195325348.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 511–14.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. xiv, 515–17.
^ Rodney P. Carlisle, "William Randolph Hearst: A Fascist Reputation Reconsidered," Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly fifty#1 (1973): 125–33.
^
^ "Welsh journalist who exposed a Soviet tragedy". Wales Online, Western Mail and the Due south Wales Echo. November 13, 2009.
^ "Famine Exposure: Paper Articles relating to Gareth Jones' trips to The Soviet Wedlock (1930–35)". garethjones.org . Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ Disler, Mathew (2018). "This Crusading Socialist Taught America's Workers to Fight—in 1929". Narratively . Retrieved January 2, 2022. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Mark, Brownish (Nov xiii, 2009). "1930s journalist Gareth Jones to accept story retold". The Guardian . Retrieved January 2, 2022. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
^ "The New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty". The New York Times Visitor . Retrieved January 2, 2022.
^ Gamache, Ray (2014). "Breaking Eggs for a Holodomor: Walter Duranty, the New York Times , and the Denigration of Gareth Jones". Journalism History. 39 (4): 208–218. doi:10.1080/00947679.2014.12062918. ISSN 0094-7679. S2CID 142098495.
^ Mace, James Eastward. (1988). "The Politics of Dearth: American Government and Press Response to the Unkrainian Famine, 1932-33" (PDF). Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 3:1 (1): 81. doi:10.1093/hgs/iii.1.75. PMID 20684118.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 475–76.
^ Nagorski, Andrew (2012). Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rising to Power. p. 176. ISBN978-1439191026.
^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 470–77.
^ Toledo Blade: "Paul Block: Story of success" by Jack Lessenberry Archived December 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine January 9, 2013
^ ^a ^b Gilded, Eve (2001). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. New York: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 26. ISBN0-7864-0834-0.
^ Lidral, Terry (Jan 12, 2022). "Historic Hearst Ranch A Step Back into the 1860s". Retrieved March sixteen, 2022.
^ George Hearst 5. Domingo Pujol, 1872, Reports of Cases Adamant in the Supreme Court of the State of California, Vol. 44, pp. 230-236, Bancroft-Whitney Co., San Francisco
^ Ogden Hoffman, 1862, Reports of Land Cases Determined in the Us District Courtroom for the Northern District of California, Numa Hubert, San Francisco
^ "Rancho Milpitas". Geographic Names Information Organisation. Usa Geological Survey.
^ "HEARST BUYS SITE OF MISSION: 17 Miles of Conduits Constructed in 1792 on Acquired Tract". Stockton Independent. January 12, 1923. p. 4.
^ "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages—Overview of Post-Hispanic Monterey County History". Archived from the original on May 22, 2006.
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^ "Castlewood History – Castlewood Country Guild". castlewoodcc.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
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^ Bevan, Nathan (August iii, 2008). "Lydia Hearst is queen of the castle". Wales on Sunday. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
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^ Hearst an Aviator Archived February xv, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Editor & Publisher, Volume 9, 1910
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^ Nasaw 2000, pp. 357–58.
^ ^a ^b Amanda Pollak, Stephen Ives (September 27, 2021). Citizen Hearst: An American Experience Special, Part I (video with transcript) (Documentary). PBS. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
^ Amanda Pollak, Stephen Ives (September 27, 2021). Denizen Hearst: An American Experience Special, Office Ii (video with transcript) (Documentary). PBS. Retrieved October fifteen, 2021.
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^ "Hollywood Confidential". Jonathan Rosenbaum. June 28, 2002. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
^ Taves, Brian. (2012). Thomas Ince: Hollywood's Independent Producer. The Academy Press of Kentucky. ISBN978-0-8131-3423-9 . Retrieved January 10, 2016. Taves' extensive biography contains a potent rebuttal to the much rumored murder of Thomas Ince; come across pp. one–xiii.
^ Burns, Jennifer. (2009). Goddess of the Marketplace: Ayn Rand and the American Right. Oxford. pp. 44ff.
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Sources [edit]

Carlson, Oliver (2007). Hearst – Lord of San Simeon. Read Books. ISBN978-1-4067-6684-iv.
Nasaw, David (2000). The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-82759-0.
Robinson, Judith (1991). The Hearsts: An American dynasty. University of Delaware Press. ISBN0-87413-383-1.
Whyte, Kenneth (2009). The Uncrowned Rex: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst. Berkeley: Counterpoint. ISBN978-1582439853.

External links [edit]

Hearst the Collector at LACMA

Usa Congress. "William Randolph Hearst (id: H000429)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The William Randolph Hearst Fine art Archive at Long Island University
Guide to the William Randolph Hearst Papers at The Bancroft Library
Hearstcastle.org: Hearst Castle at San Simeon
William Randolph Hearst at IMDb

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by William Sulzer	Member of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives from New York's 11th congressional commune 1903–1907	Succeeded past Charles 5. Fornes
Party political offices
Preceded by D. Cady Herrick	Democratic nominee for Governor of New York 1906	Succeeded by Lewis Chanler

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst